Upon arriving, he raised up a force from several Sicilian cities, and went to the relief of Syracuse. Between 410 and 406, Athens won a continuous string of victories, and eventually recovered large portions of its empire. Cependant, elle ne peut rester longtemps loin de ses bases arrières à cause des difficultés du ravitaillement. The delay was costly and forced the Athenians into a major sea battle in the Great Harbor of Syracuse. After these battles, the Spartan general Brasidas raised an army of allies and helots and marched the length of Greece to the Athenian colony of Amphipolis in Thrace, which controlled several nearby silver mines; their product supplied much of the Athenian war fund. "He then assigned to Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his father." Syracuse, the principal city of Sicily, was not much smaller than Athens, and conquering all of Sicily would have brought Athens an immense amount of resources. Nicias then sent word to Athens asking for reinforcements. Cette dernière, risquant alors d'être évincée de la mer Ionienne, pousse son ancienne colonie thrace de Potidéeà quitter la Confédération maritime d'Athènes, créée après les guerres médiques. After additional setbacks, Nicias seemed to agree to a retreat until a bad omen, in the form of a lunar eclipse, delayed any withdrawal. Sparte dispose de l'armée terrestre la plus expérimentée de Grèce. In order to uphold the Thirty Years' Peace, however, the Athenians were instructed not to intervene in the battle unless it was clear that Corinth was going to press onward to invade Corcyra. Je luistert naar een voorbeeld van de Audible-audio-editie. Alarmed, Corcyra sought an alliance with Athens, which after debate and input from both Corcyra and Corinth, decided to swear a defensive alliance with Corcyra. Emboldened, the Argives and their allies, with the support of a small Athenian force under Alcibiades, moved to seize the city of Tegea, near Sparta. Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was Cleon, a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy. Both Brasidas and Cleon were killed in Athenian efforts to retake Amphipolis (see Battle of Amphipolis). In 411 BC this fleet engaged the Spartans at the Battle of Syme. [13], In 459 BC, Athens took advantage of a war between its neighbors Megara and Corinth, both Spartan allies, to conclude an alliance with Megara, giving the Athenians a critical foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth. At the start of the war, the Athenians had prudently put aside some money and 100 ships that were to be used only as a last resort. The Athenian Empire, although based in the peninsula of Attica, spread out across the islands of the Aegean Sea; Athens drew its immense wealth from tribute paid from these islands. The fleet appointed Alcibiades their leader, and continued the war in Athens's name. [12] When the rebellious helots were finally forced to surrender and permitted to evacuate the state, the Athenians settled them at the strategic city of Naupaktos on the Gulf of Corinth. Athens sent out a sizable contingent (4,000 hoplites), but upon its arrival, this force was dismissed by the Spartans, while those of all the other allies were permitted to remain. Verder worden recensies ook geanalyseerd om de betrouwbaarheid te verifiëren. Through cunning strategy, Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet, in 405 BC, at the Battle of Aegospotami, destroying 168 ships and capturing some three or four thousand Athenian sailors. The longest Spartan invasion, in 430 BC, lasted just forty days. Athens was then victorious at the naval battle of Arginusae. Bury remarks, the Peloponnesians would have considered it the "Attic War".[3]. But, due to bad weather, the Athenians were unable to rescue their stranded crews or finish off the Spartan fleet. Sparta was later humbled by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, but the rivalry between Athens and Sparta was brought to an end a few decades later when Philip II of Macedon conquered all of Greece except Sparta, which was later subjugated by Philip's son Alexander in 331 BC. Cavalry was limited to about 30 horses, which proved to be no match for the large and highly trained Syracusan cavalry. Early Spartan attempts to break up the coalition failed, and the leadership of the Spartan king Agis was called into question. Fearing that he would be unjustly condemned, Alcibiades defected to Sparta and Nicias was placed in charge of the mission. The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. The Corinthians, the Spartans, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, in the hopes of driving off the Athenians; but instead of withdrawing, the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. The result was a complete victory for the Spartans, which rescued their city from the brink of strategic defeat. © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. en dochterondernemingen, Klantenservice voor mensen met een handicap, Pakketten traceren of bestellingen bekijken. The Battle of Mantinea was the largest land battle fought within Greece during the Peloponnesian War. The Athenian fleet, the most dominant in Greece, went on the offensive, winning a victory at Naupactus. However, it was a time of constant skirmishing in and around the Peloponnese. The Spartans also occupied Attica for periods of only three weeks at a time; in the tradition of earlier hoplite warfare the soldiers were expected to go home to participate in the harvest. Thucydide d'Athènes vécut la guerre du Péloponnèse (431-404 av. While the Spartans refrained from action themselves, some of their allies began to talk of revolt. In the 17th year of the war, word came to Athens that one of their distant allies in Sicily was under attack from Syracuse. What then ensued was a period, referred to as the Pentecontaetia (the name given by Thucydides), in which Athens increasingly became in fact an empire,[8] carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city-states. Athens proceeded to bring under its control all of Greece except for Sparta and its allies, ushering in a period which is known to history as the Athenian Empire. Thucydides was dispatched with a force which arrived too late to stop Brasidas capturing Amphipolis; Thucydides was exiled for this, and, as a result, had the conversations with both sides of the war which inspired him to record its history. The Spartan fleet under Callicratidas lost 70 ships and the Athenians lost 25 ships. The Athenians did not act solely from altruism: rallied on by Alcibiades, the leader of the expedition, they held visions of conquering all of Sicily. [22] Undeterred, a majority of the Spartan assembly voted to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace, essentially declaring war.[23]. Meer informatie The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC)[2] was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. The Athenian army, attempting to withdraw overland to other, more friendly Sicilian cities, was divided and defeated; the entire Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold off into slavery. Thus, the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles. Instead of attacking at once, Nicias procrastinated and the campaigning season of 415 BC ended with Syracuse scarcely damaged. [16], The more immediate events that led to war involved Athens and Corinth. [20], At the request of the Corinthians, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly. Ed. At the same time, Athens greatly increased its own power; a number of its formerly independent allies were reduced, over the course of the century, to the status of tribute-paying subject states of the Delian League. As prominent historian J. Probeer het opnieuw. The hostages gave the Athenians a bargaining chip. The Athenians were thoroughly defeated. Corinthe et Mégare demandent leur aide à Sparte et à la li… As the preeminent Athenian historian, Thucydides, wrote in his influential History of the Peloponnesian War, "The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable." The Athenians felt obliged to assist their ally. Elle est fille aussi du gigantesque essor intellectuel qui soulève la Grèce du Ve siècle, avec la médecine hippocratique, l'enseignement des sophistes et l'activité des orateurs, singulièrement Périclès.
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